Mudanças Organizacionais decorrentes de uma ação educacional ofertada a distância para professores / Organizational changes resulting from an educational action offered at distance to teachers / Cambios organizativos resultantes de acción educativa oferecida a distancia a los maestros

Alterações nas organizações decorrentes, exclusivamente, da participação dos funcionários em ações educacionais configuram Mudança Organizacional. Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar mudanças organizacionais ocorridas devido a um curso de formação de professores ofertado a distância. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com dez egressos do curso e de um questionário qualitativo online, ao qual responderam noventa e sete egressos. A Análise de Conteúdo temática deu origem a quatro categorias referentes à ocorrência de Mudanças Organizacionais. As categorias "Uso de metodologias ativas de ensino" e "Estratégias de recuperação de aprendizagem" foram as mais frequentes nas respostas dos participantes. O estudo buscou contribuir para a avaliação e planejamento de ações educacionais ofertadas a distância, visando identificar mudanças organizacionais e os desafios para sua concretização.

Changes in organizations resulting exclusively from the participation of employees in educational actions constitute Organizational Change. This research aimed to identify organizational changes that occurred due to a distance teacher training course. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews carried out with ten graduates of the course and an online qualitative questionnaire, to which ninety-seven graduates responded. The data were analyzed through thematic Content Analysis and originated four categories related to the occurrence of Organizational Changes. The categories "Use of active teaching methodologies" and "Learning recovery strategies" were the most frequent in the participants' responses. The study aimed to contribute to the evaluation and planning of educational actions offered at a distance, aiming to identify organizational changes and the challenges for their implementation.

Los cambios en las organizaciones que resultan exclusivamente de la participación de los empleados en acciones educativas constituyen un cambio organizacional. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar los cambios organizacionales que ocurrieron debido a un curso de capacitación docente ofrecido a distancia. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas con diez egresados del curso y un cuestionario cualitativo en línea, al que respondieron noventa y siete egresados. El análisis de contenido temático dio lugar a cuatro categorías. Las categorías "Uso de metodologías de enseñanza activa" y "Estrategias de recuperación del aprendizaje" fueron las más frecuentes en las respuestas de los participantes. El estudio buscó contribuir a la evaluación y planificación de acciones educativas ofrecidas a distancia, con el objetivo de identificar cambios organizacionales y los desafíos para su implementación.

Food restriction reduces hepatic alterations associated with experimental periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory and multifactorial disease that affects the periodontal structures and can cause alterations in the hepatic tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a diet with food restriction can decrease oral and liver alterations associated with ligature-induced periodontitis. METHODS: Twenty-four female Wistar rats were used in this study, randomized into three groups (n = 8 for each group): control (regular food); periodontitis (regular food + periodontitis induced with ligatures); and food restriction (diet with food restriction and periodontitis induction). The following periodontium parameters were analyzed tooth mobility (TM), probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival bleeding index (GBI), and alveolar bone height (ABH). In the liver, the levels of oxidative stress markers-malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), total cholesterol, and levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured. Liver samples were analyzed for histopathological score. In the blood tissue, the levels of enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, total cholesterol, and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were also evaluated. RESULTS: The animals that received a diet with food restriction + periodontitis showed a decrease in hepatic histopathological score (P < 0.05) when compared with the periodontitis group, the same for glucose, total cholesterol, ALT, AST, and ABH data. The group with food restriction + periodontitis showed a decrease in the histopathological liver score (P < 0.05) compared with the group with periodontitis. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that food restriction reduced oral damages, as well as hepatic, blood and alveolar bone alterations associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.

Adaptação e evidências de validade de um instrumento de mudança organizacional no contexto da educação a distância / Adaptation and evidence of validity of an organizational change instrument in the context of distance education / La adaptación y la evidencia de la validez de un instrumento de cambio organizacional en el contexto de la educación a distancia

A efetividade da educação a distância na formação e capacitação de professores é uma questão que, apesar de não recente, mostra-se um desafio teórico e prático. A Mudança Organizacional está relacionada aos efeitos produzidos com os programas de Treinamento, Desenvolvimento e Educação de Pessoas que causam alterações nos processos da instituição, sem configurar o atendimento dos objetivos organizacionais. Essa pesquisa objetivou adaptar e verificar evidências de validade do instrumento de Mudança Organizacional no contexto de educação a distância. O instrumento foi aplicado a 793 egressos de um curso de formação de professores da rede de ensino do estado de São Paulo e posteriormente passou por análises descritivas, exploratórias e confirmatórias. Os resultados demonstraram evidências de validade do construto e o bom ajuste do modelo, tendo o instrumento suas estruturas fatoriais provadas. O estudo mostra-se relevante devida à escassez de instrumentos que mensuram essa variável no contexto de educação a distância.

The effectiveness of e-learning in teacher education and training is an issue that, although not recent, proves to be a theoretical and practical challenge. Organizational change is related to the effects produced by the training, development and education of people programs that cause changes in the institution's processes, without configuring the fulfillment of organizational objectives. This research aimed to adapt and verify evidence of validity of the organizational change instrument in e-learning. The instrument was applied to 793 graduates of a teacher education course in the state of São Paulo and subsequently underwent descriptive, exploratory, and confirmatory analyses. The results showed evidence of construct validity and good fit of the model, with the instrument having its factor structures proven. The study is relevant due to the scarcity of instruments that measure this variable in the context of e-learning.

La efectividad de la educación a distancia en la formación y capacitación de profesores es un tema que, aunque no sea reciente, es un desafío teórico y práctico. El cambio organizacional está relacionado con los efectos producidos por los programas de capacitación, desarrollo y educación de las personas que promueven cambios en los procesos de la institución, sin configurar el cumplimiento de los objetivos organizacionales. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo adaptar y verificar las evidencias de la validez del instrumento de cambio organizacional en la educación a distancia. Se aplicó el instrumento a una muestra de 793 egresados de un curso de formación docente en el estado de São Paulo y posteriormente se sometió a análisis descriptivos, exploratorios y confirmatorios. Los resultados mostraron evidencias de la validez del constructo y un buen ajuste del modelo, y las estructuras de factores del instrumento fueron probadas. El estudio es relevante debido a la escasez de instrumentos que evalúan esa variable en el contexto de la educación a distancia.

New drug candidates for osteosarcoma: Drug repurposing based on gene expression signature.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive bone malignancy and the third most common cancer in adolescence. Since the late 1970s, OS therapy and prognosis had only modest improvements, making it appealing to explore new tools that could help ameliorate the treatment. We present a meta-analysis of the gene expression signature of primary OS, and propose small molecules that could reverse this signature. The meta-analysis was performed using GEO microarray series. We first compared gene expression from eleven primary OS against osteoblasts to obtain the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We later filtered those DEGs by verifying which ones had a concordant direction of differential expression in a validation group of 82 OS samples versus 30 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) samples. A final gene expression signature of 266 genes (98 up and 168 down regulated) was obtained. The L1000CDS2 engine was used for drug repurposing. The top molecules predicted to reverse the signature were afatinib (PubChem CID 10184653), BRD-K95196255 (PubChem CID 3242434), DG-041 (PubChem CID 11296282) and CA-074 Me (PubChem CID 23760717). Afatinib (Gilotrif™) is currently used for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with EGFR mutations, and in vitro evidence shows antineoplastic potential in OS cells. The other three molecules have reports of antineoplastic effects, but are not currently FDA-approved. Further studies are necessary to establish the potential of these drugs in OS treatment. We believe our results can be an important contribution for the investigation of new therapeutic genetic targets and for selecting new drugs to be tested for OS.

Estilos e estratégias de aprendizagem em educação a distância: diferenças e semelhanças conceituais / Learning styles and learning strategies in distance education: conceptual differences and similarities / Estilos y estrategias de aprendizaje en la educación a distancia: diferencias y similitudes conceptuales

As ações educacionais à distância são uma estratégia de ensino em Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e de Organizações e Trabalho (O& T). Nesta modalidade, os estilos de aprendizagem fornecem informações para o aperfeiçoamento e a elaboração dos métodos instrucionais. As estratégias de aprendizagem são empregadas em Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem (AVA), enquanto recurso tecnológico que potencializa e amalgama um conjunto de competências e habilidades indispensáveis para o sucesso do aluno. O respectivo estudo objetiva investigar as diferenças e as semelhanças conceituais entre estratégias e estilos de aprendizagem, por meio da validação convergente entre instrumentos que medem tais constructos. Participaram virtualmente do estudo cento e trinta e cinco alunos de uma universidade pública, matriculados em um curso superior à distância. Os resultados indicaram que o conceito de estratégias de aprendizagem, por vezes, se converge com o conceito de estilos de aprendizagem, apresentando baixos índices de correlação em sua maioria. Pesquisas futuras devem buscar promover a revisão dos instrumentos utilizados, a partir das discussões apresentadas nesta investigação.

Distance learning is a teaching strategy in higher education institutions (HEIs) as well as organizations and work (O& W). In this modality of instruction, the learning styles provide information for the improvement of instructional methods. Learning strategies are employed in virtual learning environments (VLEs) as a set of indispensable skills and abilities for student success. The objective of this study was to investigate the conceptual differences and similarities between strategies and learning styles through the convergent validation between instruments that evaluate such constructs. One hundred and thirty five students enrolled in a distance learning higher education course from a public university, taking part in this research online. The results indicated that the concept of learning strategies sometimes converges with the concept of learning styles, presenting low correlation indexes in the most part. Future researche should review the instruments from the discussions put forward in this study.

Las acciones educativas a distancia son una estrategia de enseñanza en las Instituciones de Enseñanza Superior (IES), así como en las organizaciones y el trabajo (O& T). En esta modalidad de enseñanza, los estilos de Aprendizaje proporcionan información para la mejora y elaboración de los métodos de enseñanza. Las estrategias de aprendizaje se emplean en entornos virtuales de aprendizaje (EVA) en cuanto recurso tecnológico que potencializa y amalgama un conjunto de habilidades y capacidades indispensables para el éxito del estudiante. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las diferencias conceptuales y las similitudes entre Estrategias y estilos de Aprendizaje a través de la validación convergente entre instrumentos que evalúan dichas construcciones. Participaron virtualmente del estudio ciento treinta y cinco estudiantes inscritos en enseñanza superior à distancia de una universidad pública participaron en este estudio. Los resultados indicaron que el concepto de estrategias de aprendizaje a veces converge con el concepto de estilos de aprendizaje, con índices de correlación bajos en su mayoría. Pesquisas futuras deben buscar promover la revisión de los instrumentos utilizados, a partir de las discusiones presentadas en esta investigación.

educación a distancia

estilos de aprendizaje

estrategias de aprendizaje

instituciones de enseñanza superior

características del estudiante

p-Cresol in cheese: Is it a flavouring compound or chemical contaminant?

p-Cresol has been identified as a flavouring compound in cheeses; however, scientific studies have already identified p-cresol as a potential chemical contaminant in environmental matrices. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate four traditional methods for extracting p-cresol from cheese samples in order to validate the best method, and finally to apply it to five cheese samples with different origins, processing and ripeness times. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatisation of p-cresol with anhydride acetic and pyridine. Better results were achieved by the QuEChERS method, which showed recovery higher than 80%, relative standard deviation lower than 16%, limit of quantification of 5 µg kg-1 and linearity between 5 and 400 µg kg-1 with R2 0.99. p-Cresol was quantified in almost all of the samples analysed at different concentration levels, which were in an increasing order at µg kg-1: Cheddar (< LOQ), Parmesan (8 ± 0.7), Gorgonzola (103 ± 14), smoked Provolone (365 ± 28) and barbecue cheese (1001 ± 187). Although no maximum residue limit has been established for p-cresol in food, the results suggest that cheeses exposed to charcoal combustion notably increase the p-cresol levels and may represent a hazard to human health, especially in risk groups such as patients with chronic kidney disease who have serious problems with p-cresol.

Effects of photobiomodulation in the treatment of fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Several therapeutic strategies have been proposed to optimize the conventional treatment of fractures. Photobiomodulation (PBM) appears to help reduce pain and control inflammation, and it also accelerates bone repair. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of PBM with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the bone fracture healing process. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of PBM with those of any other intervention in adults with lower or upper limb bone fractures. The primary outcomes investigated were pain reduction, radiographic healing, and adverse events. The searches were conducted in October 2018. Two RCTs were included that compared PBM to the placebo. A meta-analysis showed significant difference in favor of PBM for pain reduction (MD 1.19, 95% CI [0.61 to 1.77], 106 participants, two RCTs), but this difference was not clinically significant. One RCT (50 participants) showed a clinical and statistical improvement in physical function (MD - 14.60, 95% CI [- 21.39 to - 7.81]) and no difference in radiographic healing, regarding absence of fracture line (RR 1.00, 95% CI [0.93 to 1.08]) and visible bone callus (RR 0.33, 95% CI [0.01 to 7.81]). The certainty of evidence was classified as low to very low. Based on the evidence of low to very low certainty, PBM seems to be associated with the improvement of pain and function. Therefore, new RCTs are required that meet the recommendations of CONSORT to prove the effectiveness and safety of this intervention and support its recommendation in clinical practice.

Learning Strategies in Distance Courses: Difference Between Teaching Degree and Extension Courses / Estratégias de Aprendizagem em Cursos Ofertados à Distância: Diferença entre Cursos de Licenciatura e Extensão

Abstract The learning process includes several specific learning skills. The Learning Strategies, crucial to improve the selection and planning processes of teaching strategies in distance educational actions, is an example. The objective of this study, mainly quantitative in nature, was to compare the use of Learning Strategies by participants enrolled in university extension and teaching degree distance courses. Results found from t-Test point out that Cognitive Strategies, Self-Regulation and Emotion Control are most widely used by participants in the Extension course. It is highlighted the use of Learning Strategies that enable the monitoring and regulation of the organization and the cognitive process by teachers in initial or continuing education must be considered in order to achieve better course planning.

Resumo O processo de aprendizagem envolve, entre outros aspectos, capacidades específicas do aprendiz, tais como as estratégias de aprendizagem, as quais são fundamentais para aperfeiçoar a escolha e o planejamento de estratégias de ensino em ações educacionais ofertadas à distância. O objetivo deste estudo, predominantemente quantitativo, consiste em comparar o uso de estratégias de aprendizagem de participantes em cursos de licenciatura e extensão ofertados à distância. Os participantes são professores em formação inicial e continuada em cursos ofertados à distância por uma instituição de ensino superior de natureza pública. Os resultados encontrados através do Teste t apontam que os participantes do curso de extensão fazem maior uso de estratégias cognitivas, autorregulatórias e de controle da emoção. Destaca-se a necessidade do reconhecimento e uso de estratégias de aprendizagem que possibilitem ao professor em formação inicial ou continuada monitorar e regular a organização e o processamento cognitivo dessas informações.

Swallowing in Patients with Mental Disability - Analysis of 189 Swallowing Video Endoscopies

Abstract Introduction Feeding, swallowing and breathing are fundamental activities for the survival and well-being of humans; these functions are performed by themost complex neuromuscular unit of the human body, which, when altered, may raise morbidity and mortality rates. Objective To evaluate deglutition in patients with mental disability in order to determine the incidence and the severity of dysphagia. Methods A total of 189 institutionalized adult patients with mental disability were analyzed using a 3.2 mm flexible fiberscope (Machida, Japan 1995). The following food consistencies were tested: pasty, thickened liquid and liquid. Results Among the total of 189 patients, 101 (53.4%) were female aged between 14 and 55 years old. Most of them 120 (63.5%) had profound mental deficiency, 58 (30.7%) had severe mental deficiency, 9 (4.8%) had moderate mental deficiency, and 2 (1.1%) had mild mental deficiency. Gender and the degree of mental deficiency did not influence significantly the degree of dysphagia. Age, degree of disability and interaction between age groups and degrees of disability influenced significantly the degree of dysphagia. Younger patients are more likely to present more severe dysphagia. Stabilization occurs between 31 and 40 years of age, and above this age, a greater chance of less severe dysphagia, because the increase in the degree of mental deficiency decreases the probability of more severe dysphagia. Conclusion The population that mostly presented severe dysphagia was characterized by being mostly female, with profound mental deficiency, with an average age of 36.7 years. There was no relationship between gender and the degree of mental disability concerning the degree of dysphagia. (AU)

High-fat diet aggravates the liver disease caused by periodontitis in rats.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that causes periodontium and hepatic alterations. Liver disease is related to the intake of foods rich in fat and sugars (high-fat). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a high-fat diet can aggravate the liver disease caused by ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. METHODS: Twenty-one female rats were divided into three groups (n = 7 in each group): control; periodontitis (periodontitis induced with ligature) and high-fat + periodontitis (received hypercaloric diet and induction of periodontitis). The rats were submitted to the analyses of the following periodontal parameters: gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), tooth mobility (TM), and alveolar bone height. In the hepatic tissue, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), total cholesterol, and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) were measured. Liver samples were also histopathologically evaluated. Finally, blood levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, total cholesterol, cholesterol high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and uric acid were measured. RESULTS: The high-fat + periodontitis group presented an increase in the steatosis score (P < 0.05) for the histopathologic evaluation, when compared with the periodontitis group. MDA, uric acid and ALT levels also increased, whereas GSH and HDL levels showed lower values. CONCLUSION: A high-fat diet aggravates the liver disease caused by ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.

Alveolar bone healing in mice genetically selected in the maximum (AIRmax) or minimum (AIRmin) inflammatory reaction

The exact role of inflammatory immune response in bone healing process is still unclear, but the success of the alveolar bone healing process seems to be associated with a moderate and transitory inflammatory response, while insufficient or exacerbated responses seems to have a detrimental influence in the healing outcome. In this context, we performed a comparative analysis of mice strains genetically selected for maximum (AIRmax) or minimum (AIRmin) acute inflammatory response to address the influence of inflammation genes in alveolar bone healing outcome. Experimental groups comprised 8-week-old male or female AIRmax and AIRmin submitted to extraction of upper right incisor, and evaluated at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21?days after upper incision extraction by micro-computed tomography (µCT), histomorphometry, birefringence, immunohistochemistry and molecular (PCRArray) analysis. Overall, the results demonstrate a similar successful bone healing outcome at the endpoint was evidenced in both AIRmin and AIRmax strains. The histormophometric analysis reveal a slight but significant decrease in blood clot and inflammatory cells density, as well a delay in the bone formation in AIRmax strain in the early times, associated with a decreased expression of BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, TGFb1, RUNX2, and ALP. The evaluation of inflammatory cells nature reveals increased GR1+ cells counts in AIRmax strain at 3d, associated with increased levels of neutrophil chemoattractants such as CXCL1 and CXCL2, and its receptor CXCR1, while F4/80+ cell prevails in AIRmin strain at 7d. Also, our results demonstrate a relative predominance of M2 macrophages in AIRmin strain, associated with an increased expression of ARG1, IL10, TGFb, while M1 macrophages prevail in AIRmax, which parallel with increased IL-1B, IL-6 and TNF expression. At late repair stage, AIRmax presents evidences of increased bone remodeling, characterized by increased density of blood vessels and osteoclasts in parallel with decreased bone matrix density, as well increased levels of MMPs, osteoclastogenic and osteocyte markers. In the view of contrasting inflammatory and healing phenotypes of AIRmin and AIRmax strains in other models, the unpredicted phenotype observed suggests the existence of specific QTLs (Quantitative trait loci) responsible for the regulation 'sterile' inflammation and bone healing events. Despite the similar endpoint healing, AIRmax strain delayed repair was associated with increased presence of neutrophils and M1 macrophages, supporting the association of M2 cells with faster bone healing. Further studies are required to clarify the elements responsible for the regulation of inflammatory events at bone healing sites, as well the determinants of bone healing outcome.(AU)

Swallowing in Patients with Mental Disability - Analysis of 189 Swallowing Video Endoscopies.

Introduction Feeding, swallowing and breathing are fundamental activities for the survival and well-being of humans; these functions are performed by the most complex neuromuscular unit of the human body, which, when altered, may raise morbidity and mortality rates. Objective To evaluate deglutition in patients with mental disability in order to determine the incidence and the severity of dysphagia. Methods A total of 189 institutionalized adult patients with mental disability were analyzed using a 3.2 mm flexible fiberscope (Machida, Japan 1995). The following food consistencies were tested: pasty, thickened liquid and liquid. Results Among the total of 189 patients, 101 (53.4%) were female aged between 14 and 55 years old. Most of them 120 (63.5%) had profound mental deficiency, 58 (30.7%) had severe mental deficiency, 9 (4.8%) had moderate mental deficiency, and 2 (1.1%) had mild mental deficiency. Gender and the degree of mental deficiency did not influence significantly the degree of dysphagia. Age, degree of disability and interaction between age groups and degrees of disability influenced significantly the degree of dysphagia. Younger patients are more likely to present more severe dysphagia. Stabilization occurs between 31 and 40 years of age, and above this age, a greater chance of less severe dysphagia, because the increase in the degree of mental deficiency decreases the probability of more severe dysphagia. Conclusion The population that mostly presented severe dysphagia was characterized by being mostly female, with profound mental deficiency, with an average age of 36.7 years. There was no relationship between gender and the degree of mental disability concerning the degree of dysphagia.

Alveolar bone healing in mice genetically selected in the maximum (AIRmax) or minimum (AIRmin) inflammatory reaction.

The exact role of inflammatory immune response in bone healing process is still unclear, but the success of the alveolar bone healing process seems to be associated with a moderate and transitory inflammatory response, while insufficient or exacerbated responses seems to have a detrimental influence in the healing outcome. In this context, we performed a comparative analysis of mice strains genetically selected for maximum (AIRmax) or minimum (AIRmin) acute inflammatory response to address the influence of inflammation genes in alveolar bone healing outcome. Experimental groups comprised 8-week-old male or female AIRmax and AIRmin submitted to extraction of upper right incisor, and evaluated at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after upper incision extraction by micro-computed tomography (µCT), histomorphometry, birefringence, immunohistochemistry and molecular (PCRArray) analysis. Overall, the results demonstrate a similar successful bone healing outcome at the endpoint was evidenced in both AIRmin and AIRmax strains. The histormophometric analysis reveal a slight but significant decrease in blood clot and inflammatory cells density, as well a delay in the bone formation in AIRmax strain in the early times, associated with a decreased expression of BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, TGFb1, RUNX2, and ALP. The evaluation of inflammatory cells nature reveals increased GR1+ cells counts in AIRmax strain at 3d, associated with increased levels of neutrophil chemoattractants such as CXCL1 and CXCL2, and its receptor CXCR1, while F4/80+ cell prevails in AIRmin strain at 7d. Also, our results demonstrate a relative predominance of M2 macrophages in AIRmin strain, associated with an increased expression of ARG1, IL10, TGFb, while M1 macrophages prevail in AIRmax, which parallel with increased IL-1B, IL-6 and TNF expression. At late repair stage, AIRmax presents evidences of increased bone remodeling, characterized by increased density of blood vessels and osteoclasts in parallel with decreased bone matrix density, as well increased levels of MMPs, osteoclastogenic and osteocyte markers. In the view of contrasting inflammatory and healing phenotypes of AIRmin and AIRmax strains in other models, the unpredicted phenotype observed suggests the existence of specific QTLs (Quantitative trait loci) responsible for the regulation 'sterile' inflammation and bone healing events. Despite the similar endpoint healing, AIRmax strain delayed repair was associated with increased presence of neutrophils and M1 macrophages, supporting the association of M2 cells with faster bone healing. Further studies are required to clarify the elements responsible for the regulation of inflammatory events at bone healing sites, as well the determinants of bone healing outcome.

Alveolar bone healing in mice genetically selected in the maximum (AIRmax) or minimum (AIRmin) inflammatory reaction

The exact role of inflammatory immune response in bone healing process is still unclear, but the success of the alveolar bone healing process seems to be associated with a moderate and transitory inflammatory response, while insufficient or exacerbated responses seems to have a detrimental influence in the healing outcome. In this context, we performed a comparative analysis of mice strains genetically selected for maximum (AIRmax) or minimum (AIRmin) acute inflammatory response to address the influence of inflammation genes in alveolar bone healing outcome. Experimental groups comprised 8-week-old male or female AIRmax and AIRmin submitted to extraction of upper right incisor, and evaluated at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21?days after upper incision extraction by micro-computed tomography (µCT), histomorphometry, birefringence, immunohistochemistry and molecular (PCRArray) analysis. Overall, the results demonstrate a similar successful bone healing outcome at the endpoint was evidenced in both AIRmin and AIRmax strains. The histormophometric analysis reveal a slight but significant decrease in blood clot and inflammatory cells density, as well a delay in the bone formation in AIRmax strain in the early times, associated with a decreased expression of BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, TGFb1, RUNX2, and ALP. The evaluation of inflammatory cells nature reveals increased GR1+ cells counts in AIRmax strain at 3d, associated with increased levels of neutrophil chemoattractants such as CXCL1 and CXCL2, and its receptor CXCR1, while F4/80+ cell prevails in AIRmin strain at 7d. Also, our results demonstrate a relative predominance of M2 macrophages in AIRmin strain, associated with an increased expression of ARG1, IL10, TGFb, while M1 macrophages prevail in AIRmax, which parallel with increased IL-1B, IL-6 and TNF expression. At late repair stage, AIRmax presents evidences of increased bone remodeling, characterized by increased density of blood vessels and osteoclasts in parallel with decreased bone matrix density, as well increased levels of MMPs, osteoclastogenic and osteocyte markers. In the view of contrasting inflammatory and healing phenotypes of AIRmin and AIRmax strains in other models, the unpredicted phenotype observed suggests the existence of specific QTLs (Quantitative trait loci) responsible for the regulation ‘sterile’ inflammation and bone healing events. Despite the similar endpoint healing, AIRmax strain delayed repair was associated with increased presence of neutrophils and M1 macrophages, supporting the association of M2 cells with faster bone healing. Further studies are required to clarify the elements responsible for the regulation of inflammatory events at bone healing sites, as well the determinants of bone healing outcome.

Alveolar bone healing in mice genetically selected in the maximum (AIRmax) or minimum (AIRmin) inflammatory reaction

The exact role of inflammatory immune response in bone healing process is still unclear, but the success of the alveolar bone healing process seems to be associated with a moderate and transitory inflammatory response, while insufficient or exacerbated responses seems to have a detrimental influence in the healing outcome. In this context, we performed a comparative analysis of mice strains genetically selected for maximum (AIRmax) or minimum (AIRmin) acute inflammatory response to address the influence of inflammation genes in alveolar bone healing outcome. Experimental groups comprised 8-week-old male or female AIRmax and AIRmin submitted to extraction of upper right incisor, and evaluated at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21?days after upper incision extraction by micro-computed tomography (µCT), histomorphometry, birefringence, immunohistochemistry and molecular (PCRArray) analysis. Overall, the results demonstrate a similar successful bone healing outcome at the endpoint was evidenced in both AIRmin and AIRmax strains. The histormophometric analysis reveal a slight but significant decrease in blood clot and inflammatory cells density, as well a delay in the bone formation in AIRmax strain in the early times, associated with a decreased expression of BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, TGFb1, RUNX2, and ALP. The evaluation of inflammatory cells nature reveals increased GR1+ cells counts in AIRmax strain at 3d, associated with increased levels of neutrophil chemoattractants such as CXCL1 and CXCL2, and its receptor CXCR1, while F4/80+ cell prevails in AIRmin strain at 7d. Also, our results demonstrate a relative predominance of M2 macrophages in AIRmin strain, associated with an increased expression of ARG1, IL10, TGFb, while M1 macrophages prevail in AIRmax, which parallel with increased IL-1B, IL-6 and TNF expression. At late repair stage, AIRmax presents evidences of increased bone remodeling, characterized by increased density of blood vessels and osteoclasts in parallel with decreased bone matrix density, as well increased levels of MMPs, osteoclastogenic and osteocyte markers. In the view of contrasting inflammatory and healing phenotypes of AIRmin and AIRmax strains in other models, the unpredicted phenotype observed suggests the existence of specific QTLs (Quantitative trait loci) responsible for the regulation ‘sterile’ inflammation and bone healing events. Despite the similar endpoint healing, AIRmax strain delayed repair was associated with increased presence of neutrophils and M1 macrophages, supporting the association of M2 cells with faster bone healing. Further studies are required to clarify the elements responsible for the regulation of inflammatory events at bone healing sites, as well the determinants of bone healing outcome.

Relationship between Experimental Diet in Rats and Nonalcoholic Hepatic Disease: Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to unhealthy lifestyles that combine sedentary lifestyle, hypercaloric diets, excessive saturated fats, refined carbohydrates, and high intake of fructose as a food additive to various processed products. Both the broader recognition of the disease and the additional efforts to elucidate the NAFLD pathogenesis have led to an increase in animal models in recent years. Objective. This review was performed to provide better understanding of the association between the NAFLD and animal models. METHODS: The search in the literature occurred before May of 2018 in the PUBMED database. RESULTS: Most studies investigating the influence of diet on liver fat content have been performed using a high-calorie diet that leads to a significant increase in fat content in the liver. CONCLUSION: The findings of this review show that diet is one of the factors that predisposes to the appearance of NAFLD and that the studies presented a wide variety of designs.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação da estabilidade de emulsões alimentícias contendo óleo de pequi / Development and evaluation of the stability of food emulsions containing pequi oil

Diversos alimentos são sistemas emulsionados, como a maionese, uma emulsão óleo em água que apresenta 70 a 80% de óleo. Devido à busca crescente do mercado consumidor por produtos mais saudáveis e nutritivos, diversos estudos têm sido realizados com o intuito de substituir e/ou reduzir o teor de alguns ingredientes na formulação de alimentos, em especial a gordura. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar a estabilidade de emulsões tipo maionese contendo óleo de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense), fruto nativo do Cerrado rico em carotenóides, com diferentes concentrações de óleo (65, 45 e 25% m/m). Para as duas formulações com menor teor de óleo foram adicionados, separadamente, agentes espessantes (gomas guar ou xantana). As emulsões obtidas foram avaliadas em termos de sua microestrutura, pH, cor e estabilidade após 5 dias de armazenamento sob refrigeração ou à temperatura ambiente. Verificou-se que as emulsões obtidas apresentaram gotículas de óleo esféricas. Maior número de gotas foi observado na formulação com maior teor de óleo e maior polidispersidade foi percebida nas formulações com menor o teor de óleo. As emulsões apresentaram pH levemente ácido (4,14 a 4,22), sem diferença significativa entre as formulações. As formulações com goma e teor reduzido de óleo apresentaram maior luminosidade (L*) do que a formulação com 65% de óleo de pequi e sem goma. Resultado contrário foi observado para o parâmetro de cor a* (tonalidade de vermelho), o qual foi maior quanto maior o teor de óleo de pequi na formulação. Nenhuma diferença foi observada quanto o parâmetro b*. Não foram observadas alterações visuais nas formulações armazenadas à temperatura ambiente ou sob refrigeração por 5 dias, indicando a estabilidade das emulsões no período e condições avaliadas, exceto para emulsão com menor teor de óleo e presença de goma guar, que apresentou separação de fases após armazenamento à temperatura ambiente.

Several foods are emulsified systems, such as mayonnaise, an oil-inwater emulsion that has 70-80% oil. Due to the growing consumer market for healthier and more nutritious products, several studies have been carried out to replace and/or reduce the content of some ingredients in the formulation in food formulation, especially oil. The objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate the stability of emulsions like mayonnaise containing pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense), a native fruit of the Cerrado rich in carotenoids, with different oil concentrations (65, 45 and 25%). For the two formulations with lower oil content, thickening agents (guar or xanthan gums) were added separately. The obtained emulsions were evaluated in terms of their microstructure, pH, color and stability after 5 days of storage under refrigeration or at room temperature. The emulsions were found to have spherical oil droplets. Higher number of drops was observed in the formulation with higher oil content, and higher polydispersity was observed in formulations with lower oil content. The emulsions showed slightly acid pH (4.14 to 4.22), with no significant difference between the formulations. The formulations with gum and reduced oil content showed higher brightness (L*) than the formulation with 65% pequi oil and without gum. The opposite result was observed for the color parameter a*, which was higher the higher the pequi oil content in the formulation. No difference was observed for the b* parameter. No visual changes were observed in the formulations stored at room temperature or under refrigeration after 5 days, indicating the stability of the emulsions in the period and conditions evaluated, except for emulsion with lower oil content and presence of guar gum, which presented phase separation after storage at room temperature.

A swift, easy and cheap protocol to evaluate the tooth bleaching in vitro.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to develop a protocol that optimizes in vitro dental bleaching procedures in a cheap, fast and accessible manner. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 18 bovine incisors were cut and polished in enamel/dentin and submitted to staining in coffee solution during 72 hours. After the standardization and staining of the enamel surfaces, three groups (n = 6) were formed to receive three different gels, WHITENESS (commercial gel); H2O2 - 5% (manipulated gel); CARBOPOL GEL (manipulated gel and without H2O2). The color of the enamel surfaces was evaluated using digital images, obtained with digital camera and controlled luminosity, before and after staining, as well as after each bleaching step. RESULTS: The average bleaching after 48 hours of procedure was: WHITENESS with 13.6 (± 1.2); H2O2 (5%) with 9.8 (± 1.4) and CARBOPOL GEL with 2.9 (± 0.6). After 72 hours, WHITENESS presented a mean of 15.8 (± 0.7), the H2O2 group (5%) 14.4 (± 1.5) and CARBOPOL GEL 4.6 (± 1.0). After completing 96 hours of whitening, WHITENESS presented an average of 18.3 (± 0.8), H2O2 (5%) 16.7 (± 1.4) and CARBOPOL GEL 7.3 (± 0.8). Our data demonstrated that the protocol development for us can be used to evaluate dental bleaching in a short time, with 96 hours already was possible to detect significant differences, when compared with the longer times of experimental dental bleaching. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed protocol guarantees statistically significant results in 96 hours, confirming the efficacy, cheapness, viability and practicality of the protocol developed in this study. Key words:Enamel, color, aesthetics.

TP53 germline and somatic mutations in a patient with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.

Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome associated with germline pathogenic variants in TP53 gene. The phenotype may vary from classical to variant forms, known as Li-Fraumeni-like phenotypes. We searched for pathogenic variants in TP53 in a 14 year-old female diagnosed with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, a rare subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma. The proband is a heterozygote carrier of the TP53 c.467G>A (p.Arg156His) in exon 5, and her mother is an asymptomatic carrier. Analysis of tumor DNA disclosed an additional somatic mutation in TP53, c.461G>A; p.Gly154Asp. The TP53 germline and somatic pathogenic variants may have acted as possible driver mutations, resulting in genomic instability and tumor development. The fibrolamellar subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma may be part of the broad spectrum of tumors associated with Li-Fraumeni phenotype.

TP53 and CDKN1A mutation analysis in families with Li-Fraumeni and Li-Fraumeni like syndromes.

Li-Fraumeni and Li-Fraumeni like syndromes (LFS/LFL) represent rare cancer-prone conditions associated mostly with sarcomas, breast cancer, brain tumors, and adrenocortical carcinomas. TP53 germline mutations are present in up to 80 % of families with classic Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and in 20-60 % of families with Li-Fraumeni like phenotypes. The frequency of LFS/LFL families with no TP53 mutations detected suggests the involvement of other genes in the syndrome. In this study, we searched for mutations in TP53 in 39 probands from families with criteria for LFS/LFL. We also searched for mutations in the gene encoding the main mediator of p53 in cell cycle arrest, CDKN1A/p21, in all patients with no mutations in TP53. Eight probands carried germline disease-causing mutations in TP53: six missense mutations and two partial gene deletions. No mutations in CDKN1A coding region were detected. TP53 partial deletions in our cohort represented 25 % (2/8) of the mutations found, a much higher frequency than usually reported, emphasizing the need to search for TP53 rearrangements in patients with LFS/LFL phenotypes. Two benign tumors were detected in two TP53 mutation carriers: an adrenocortical adenoma and a neurofibroma, which raises a question about the possible implication of TP53 mutations on the development of such lesions.